Exploding the myth of Jakkanacharya

The biopic of Jakkanacharya potrayed him as a legendary sculpture along with his son Dakkanacharya in 1964.   The film was a super hit being first kannada movie in colour and with the character played by yester  year superstar Kalyan Kumar.  What was the need to create a fictious character and then showering praise on his artistic and sculpting talent ? 

The historical dateline of hoysala monuments have been well recorded and preserved with regard to various monuments built during their reign.   The royalty and ministers concerned largely took the credit for sponsoring the construction, but a deviation was allowed.   The sculptures name was engraved below an idol or on the facade of the temple.   Let us have a cursory glance at some of the important monuments :

MONUMENT                             LOCATION               YEAR                  EMPEROR

Chennakesava temple                   Belur                            1117                   Vishnuvardhana

Hoysaleswar temple                     Halebid                         1120                   Vishnuvardhana

Parsvanath temple                        Halebid                         1133                   Vishnuvardhana

Amrutheswara temple                  Amruthapura                  1196                   Veera Ballal II

Veera Narayana temple               Belavadi                         1196                   Veera Ballal II

Ishwara temple                            Arisikere                        1220                    Veera Ballal II

Harieswara                                  Harihar                          1224                    Vira Narasimha II

Laxmi Narasimha                        Nuggehalli                      1246                    Vira Someshwara

Chennakeshava                          Arleguppe                       1250                    Vira Someshwara

Keshava                                    Somnathpur                     1268                    Narasimha III


All the above emperors realised the importance of monuments and left behind edifices worth remembering in sands of time.   Majority of the royalty never gave freedom or importance to their sub ordinates or their citizens.   King Vishnuvardhan being benevolent began the tradition of allowing the artisans to engrave their names on their creation from Chennakeshava temple at Belur.   This might have triggered further generation of kings in Hoysala dynasty to allow their artisans to engrave their names on the sculpture created by them.

Mallitama's name features as one of the prominent artisan during Vishnuvardhana's reign.   Probably he is elugised in the form of  Jakkanacharya.   He seems to be involved in sculpting many a statues in Chennakesava temple Belur and Hoysaleswar temple Halebid.   The second name which features in Hoysala architecture is Chikka Mallitama, can we conclude it is his son and he is converted into Dakkanacharya.

  
The justification for creation of epic character in the form Jakkanacharya might be justified because the artisans had to be recognised by future generations.  The hoysala artisans were blessed with availability of soap stones in the area which enabled them to carve out statues with perfection beyond imagination.   Secondly they were patronised and given full artistic freedom to express their skills by the emperors and finally the society was willing to appreciate their creation.  

Apart from engraving their signatures some of the artisans have left behind their own headshots engraved on the facade of the temple walls discreetly.   Sometimes they were passed off as representation of royalty figure heads.  

The myth of Jakkanacharya has been exploded by the Prof Narsimha moorthy of  Bangalore university, but the proof of the pudding is in providing evidence of the same.  These are the photographic evidence which are sourced from the annals of history produced as proofs.

Secondly anyone who is famous does have a dateline of birth and death, but Jakkanacharya and Dakkanacharya don t have any specified dateline, which itself provides ample evidence about their myth.

Thirdly there is no incription mentioning the names of these artisans anywhere in Hoysala architecture.   Why would any artisan let go of such a golden opportunity when the emperors were permitting their names to be engraved on their creation.  

Finally we can conclude that these artisans name was creation of ficition to sing praises of the great artisans in general during Hoysala period.   Let us now rest the controversy as solved rather than remaining as mystery.

Mulki an ancient port town

 Mulki started loosing its historical importance from the days steamer stopped visiting the port town, after the construction of a road bridge across the river Sambhavi in 1960 on NH 17 ( 66 ) its decline was rapid.  The old port town will get further alienated with the second bridge coming up on the river as part of road widening and four lane tolled road initiative.   My quest for going into the roots of Mulki is not because it is not being bestowed a taluk status, but because of its ancient heritage lost in the pages of history, even if one googles the same one cannot find its roots, so one has to visit the spot and get to know its legacy.

 In my quest to trace its ancient root i happened to visit Bola Madhava Rao and his family, whose house is located close to Vijaya college mulki.   He welcomed me with an open heart when he came to know that i was planning to photograph and publish something interesting facts about Mulki.   One cursory glance at the bunglow reveals that it is of ancient pedigree.   His house was probably constructed in 1870's by his great grandfather who was a merchant and elderly gentlemen who used to sometimes dispense justice to the people.  The verandah was the exact place where he was seated as a judge and used to deliver justice.

This verandah is the exact spot wherein Bola's grandfather used to deliver his justice and spend time with the public from the nearby villages.   The entire house is built with a strong foundation and construction material mainly consisting of burma teak, Belgium glazed tiles, Pillar structure, Brass rods, Red oxide flooring, and many other ancient construction materials.   The stained glass and tiled roof is also from olden times.

I innocently enquired where are the old artefacts and collections, Mr Bola ( in kannada interesting his name signifies innocence ) replied that he has gifted many of the articles to his relatives, nephews and nieces during their visit and marriages. 

Presently Bhola and his family is left behind with minimum of ancient vessels meant for cooking and the basic structure with its construction materials intact.   One can see the stained glasses intact on the balcony of the house.

I was wondering how the old couple was maintaining themselves, and felt pity for their existence, his cousin seems to have joined them for company sake.   I was in for a shock the next day when he beckoned me in style.

The Mr Bola with shades on recognised me with my cousin Mahesh on a discovery trip of the old Mulki port town.   Surprise of surprise majority of the property in the port town is owned my Mr Bola and his family members.   He earns his residual income from leasing out his property and obtaining the yield of coconut and mangoes in his property.

Some of the buildings were leased out to Punja and Pais who running ITI and other educational institution after these propeties ceased to be wearhouses for importing Rice, Kerosene by Burmah Shell, Burma teak, etc

This portion of the property is sold to the Vijaya college which is running its boys hostel presently.  The rest of the property is still owned by Bola and his family members.

Mr Bhola treated us with tender coconut from plucked freshly from his property, Mahesh holding the same with glee.  What a pleasure it was to sip Bonda ( tender coconut ) under the ancient heritage, and by the river side enjoying the natural air conditioning under the blazing summer season.

Thank you Mr Bhola for your wonder gesture and treat says Tia ( my doggie ) in acknowledgement.

Inorder to dig deeper one has to probe further, another family with ancient lineage whom i met was Sukumar Shetty who is the proud owner of Hose Mane at the port junction.  This bunglow was built in 1905 by his great grandfather K. Shetty, whose photo adorns the enterance of the house.

One gets an idea of the bunglow only when gets an opportunity to visit the inside of the house and dicuss the lineage and ancestary from the horses mouth, i took an appointment with Sukumar for the 6th and visited him. 

This courtyard of the Kakwa Gutha family is absolute beauty in terms of construction with plenty of airy space for all the elements of nature to penetrate the living area.   In fact sometime huge family gatherings take place in this very courtyard.

Mr Sukumar provided us the lineage of his family which is in the form of printed booklet.  Mr A.B. Shetty the founder of Vijaya Bank too belongs to his family.  A monument has been constructed in his honour opposite to the Bappanadu temple.

This monument in honour A.B Shetty might get relocated in the road widening of the national highway 66.  It is located besides the Bappa beary mausolem along with his family members opp Bappanadu temple.

Mr Sukumar Shetty and their family have been associated with Bappanadu temple, and recently the jatra concluded on the 3rd morning.   Their family members have been in the committee and managing the affairs of the temple day to day running from generations.   The temple has undergone renovation for the third time, and it was probably spared the destruction from the forces of Tipu Sultan in 1784 probably because of its Islamic lineage.  Bappa beary was instruemental in its construction.  The fabled story that he did it in honour of the goddess Durgaparameswari, which rescued his ship from drowning still rings in its history.

Mr Sukumar was kind enough to sketch us the family history and ancestary with reference to Mulki township.  Originally they belonged to Kakwa village which is interior stretching along the Sambhavi river banks.  They were mainly agriculturist, and originally belong to Jain heritage too.   He worked for Vijaya Bank and retired in 2007 and got possession of the place from a Bombay owner, who was finding it hard to maintain the collapsing structure.  Mr Sukumar has spent more than 10 lakhs in renovating Hosa Mane and getting it back to shape.  He is now a proud owner of a heritage building which is priceless in modern day parlance.  

The interior of this ancient building is well maintained with some artefacts purchased from the market place such as telephone and olden day clock.   The beams and decorative pillars carved out of rosewood adds strength to the edifice.   The verandah is the highlight of the entire structure along with the entrance facade which is freshly painted and varnished. 

The family follows the matrilineal tradition, wherein the property rights are transferred to the grandson or daughter.   This has its own complications in terms of claiming the ownership of property many a times ending in property disputes.    

Dodda Mane, too belongs to the Shetty family, it is another ancient structure located on the Bunder road.   According to Sukumar this house was constructed in 1865 and precisely after 50 years Hosa Mane was constructed. 

I was unable to capture the splendour of Dodda Mane, since no elders were available to permit me.  However i was able to get a glimpse of the same from outside the compound.

Another ancient building is that of the printing press located on the bunder road, just opposite the Mulki police station, which currently houses the office and residence of a chartered accountant.

The Mulki town or port was bustling with activity, during the 1930 to 1960 when passenger steamers used to arrive on its shores.  Further people used the launch or ferry service to cross the river Sambhavi to Udupi district.   After Mangalore and Udupi, Mulki was the hub of activity.   After the construction of the bridge Mulki slowly started loosing its primacy despite having Municipal office, BSNL office, Tourist Bunglow, Panchayat, Gandhi Maidan, etc to its credential.   Ideally it should have been a district with Pavanje to Padubidri as its boundary, but politicians will have their own whims and fancies to play upon.   But for residents of Mulki it will always be a blessing in disguise because they are far away from madding crowd.   As Mr Bola surmised, simple living and high thinking.   The land is blessed with plenty of ground water and plenty of natural surroundings.

Mahalingeswar Temple, Pavanje

Location : This temple is located on the banks of river Pavanje hillock on the NH 66, from Mangalore to Mulki or Udupi.   This destination can be reached after Mukka or NITK Surathkal.   If one is travelling from Udupi this temple is located after Halengadi junction.